The bar has been raised.
Almost every company is working to reduce the time it takes to get an order to a customer’s home or to its stores.
They are following Amazon’s lead in offering next-day, and even same-day delivery.
A recent survey showed that 65 percent of buyers want next-day delivery. And another survey showed that 24 percent of online buyers said same-day delivery was important to them. All of this is putting pressure on retailers as well as industrial distributors to rev up their cycle times for fast, faster, and fastest fulfillment times compared to their competitors.
While Amazon is in the news, this is not just an e- commerce arms race. Companies are moving faster to replenish their stores too, in order to keep less inventory at each retail location and cut inventory across the entire network.
It’s not just cycle and fulfillment times that are changing; there has also been a fundamental change in the profile of those orders being fulfilled. E-commerce orders are typically one to two items. Store replenishment order profiles are also getting smaller, and are beginning to resemble e-commerce orders, as stores receive cartons and mixed cartons several times a week rather than pallets and mixed pallets less frequently. One specialty retail client now carries only a single unit of its slowest-moving products on its retail shelves.
Yet, thanks to a faster store replenishment model, the retailer has increased its in-stock position from 90 percent to 97 percent while decreasing inventory by 25 percent. As with e-commerce, single item and partial case orders are harder and more expensive to process. Any company in the retail or industrial fulfillment business has to balance the competitive pressures to satisfy its customer expectations while minimizing the costs of extra handling and speedier delivery. We believe the following methodology demonstrates that an investment in faster fulfillment can deliver a competitive advantage for a wide variety of companies.
A Model for Considering Faster Fulfillment
Faster fulfillment is a tradeoff between three components of an order: the Order Receipt Window, the Order Processing Window, and the Transportation Window. A useful model as we consider the challenge of faster fulfillment is represented in the figure below.
The three components are defined as follows:
- Order Receipt Window: The time window in which orders are received between two consecutive order cut-off times.
- Order Processing Window: The time it takes to process an order in the distribution center, including picking, packing, labeling, and loading it on a truck for shipment to the customer or store before the transportation cut-off time.
- Transportation Window: The time it takes to transport the good to the customer or store once it has been shipped from the distribution center.
With this model, it is clear that faster fulfillment (i.e., shortening the Order Processing Window) will allow a company to move the order cut-off time to the right (and a later cut-off time provides better service to customers) and/or move the transportation cut-off time to the left (doing so will allow access to a larger market or may allow for a reduction in transportation costs). Which response a company chooses depends on many factors, from the strength of its brand, to its average price per unit, to the competitive environment, as well as the cost to achieve a particular order processing window.
Fast, Yes, But at What Cost?
Faster fulfillment makes a lot of people happy. Marketing people are thrilled to offer later cut-off times to grow their online business. They also like that their stores are replenished more often.
But as we stated above, faster fulfillment and smaller order sizes come at a cost. In fact, an article in the Wall Street Journal estimated that filling e-commerce orders can run as high as 25 percent of sales for retailers that outsource their fulfillment. Moreover, high-profile retailers such as Kohls, Walmart, Target, and Best Buy are seeing reduced margins or outright losing money on e-commerce sales. While faster fulfillment and replenishment are becoming the cost of doing business, the CFO might not appreciate why distribution costs are going up compared to the good old days of weekly fulfillment in bigger batches of cartons and pallets.
The impacts go beyond distribution. It may also require you to:
- Rethink your network strategy; where you place your physical buildings and how to allocate inventory among those nodes to speed up delivery to the customer and reduce transportation costs.
- Rethink your transportation strategy; trying new carriers or processes, like zone skipping, for a cost and service impact.
- Make big changes to your distribution centers; a distribution center with a day-long window for processing orders looks very different than a distribution center with a one-hour window. And some changes to enable speed may be counterintuitive. Parallelizing processes and consolidating orders before packing can add “touches,” which seems to go against the basic principles of lean distribution, but with the goal of faster order fulfillment overall.
The reality of all of this is hitting home. How do companies get thousands of smaller orders accurately picked, packed, and on the back of a truck before that crucial “order cut-off” time? And how do they pay for it all?
Don’t Overlook the Benefits
While a significant investment may be needed to speed up fulfillment, there can be significant benefits, too. The problem is that those benefits often lie outside the area of the company that is incurring the cost to make it happen. To justify investments, you and your CFO have to take a very broad look at the benefits - beyond your distribution operations - in purchasing, forecasting, sales, and inventory management.
Later order cut-off times that increase sales. In the e-commerce channel, faster fulfillment means you can offer a later order cut-off time. If your last UPS pickup is at 4 p.m., and you speed up your order processing to under an hour, then you can move your order cut-off time to as late as 3 p.m. and still get the order on the truck that day. And in e-commerce, the company with late order cut-off times and fast delivery often wins. The trick is to get the revenue owner to agree that a later order cut-off time will have a positive impact on sales and to quantify that impact.
Faster fulfillment that expands your potential customer base. Faster fulfillment may open the market to additional customers. You may gain e-commerce customers who are speed sensitive. Or, for companies that have strict delivery deadlines, like pharmaceutical companies shipping to hospitals and pharmacies, faster fulfillment might give you more time to transport the goods and realize a larger geographic reach.
Faster order processing that cuts expediting fees. Some companies are forced to expedite a fair percentage of shipments to meet their service-level commitments and delivery promises. By speeding up fulfillment, they may be able to ship orders using less expensive shipping options and cut their transportation costs.
More frequent fulfillment that reduces inventory. In retail replenishment, the benefits are equally appealing. When a retail store is confident it will receive replenishment orders quickly, it is freed from the burden of keeping high levels of inventory as safety stock. Across a distribution network, that can result in a significant reduction in inventory and significant savings. By speeding up fulfillment, decisions about where to deploy inventory can be made later in the process, increasing the chance that product ends up in the place where it’s most needed to meet demand. Utopia is a “sell one, replenish one” model, where a purchase today sparks a replenishment by tomorrow, or even today.
The Virtuous Cycle
There are additional benefits derived from an investment in faster fulfillment beyond the immediate payoff we just described. Think of them as a “virtuous cycle.” By that we mean that once the planned benefits at the distribution center are realized, an organization begins to realize unplanned benefits. Those unplanned benefits, in turn, cycle back to the distribution center and result in additional benefits. This can often have a cascading effect.
Take for example a sporting goods company that made an investment to reduce its order lead time. This resulted in the distribution center providing better service to the retail stores. That was the planned benefit. The virtuous cycle? Over time, due to the better service, store managers began to keep less safety stock because they knew they could get any item replenished the next day.
As a result, orders from the stores were smaller and once combined at the distribution center, there was less “lumpiness” in the demand placed upon it that allowed the distribution center to carry less inventory. In addition, there were fewer expedited orders, which led to a smoother process in the distribution center. By carrying less inventory and improving its processes, the distribution center was able to reduce its order lead time further. The virtuous cycle.
Along with these changes, less safety stock at the stores freed up space in the backrooms and on store shelves, which was redeployed to offer a broader array of products and hence, additional revenue. Meanwhile, the backroom was redeployed to enable “ship from store” orders that further improved fulfillment time to local customers and helped the retailer sell through inventory and avoid markdowns. A snowboard in a store in Virginia might be shipped to a customer in Colorado rather than get marked down at the end of the season. In short, the long-term payoff is broader as short-term improvements build on each other.
Justifying Investments in Faster Fulfillment: Case Studies
How you develop a business case for faster fulfillment is based on the factors listed above in conjunction with the decision on whether to move order cut-off times, transportation cut-off times, or both.
As examples, here are three case studies of companies that found a positive ROI in faster fulfillment based on the broader business case. The case studies will be contrasted by showing the leverage points of order cut-off time and transportation cut-off time.
Case Study #1
Regional Pharmaceutical Distributor
Order Processing Window: Reduced from 4 hours to 1.5 hours (63.5%)
Transportation Window: Extended from 7 hours to 8.5 hours
Investment: $11 million
Impact: $100 million in additional annual revenue
This regional pharmaceutical distributor has a single distribution center located in the central U.S. (Exhibit 2, not their actual location).
In this market, next-day delivery is essential, with most hospitals requiring that their orders arrive by 6 a.m. the next day. With an order cut-off time of 7 p.m., and a four-hour order processing window, that gave them from 11 p.m. until 6 a.m. to deliver their goods. This seven-hour transportation window gave them a range, or market size, of approximately 350 miles around their distribution center.
After careful analysis, they invested in distribution center automation to shrink their order processing window. They implemented two different highly automated solutions for their fast-movers and slow-movers that allowed them to process a large number of small orders at a low operating cost. The solution they chose processed over 2,400 orders an hour - a significant improvement over their manual picking process.
In addition, they “parallelized” the picking process in their distribution center. Rather than have a single tote travel the length of the building, they split the distribution center into zones.
The items in each zone were picked concurrently and the totes were consolidated into a complete order at the end, cutting the processing time.
The combination of changes reduced their Order Processing Window by two and a half hours, from four hours down to one and a half hours.
They chose to invest some of that two and a half hour savings into moving their cut-off time one hour later to make them more in line with competitors. The net impact increased the Transportation Window by 90 minutes (Exhibit 3).
With the longer transportation window, the company’s trucks could travel an additional 75 miles before the 6 a.m. delivery time to hospitals.
That additional 75 miles increased the size of the market they served by nearly 50 percent, including some key metropolitan areas, and helped them acquire new accounts (Exhibit 4).
The additional customers brought about by these changes boosted revenue by over $100 million annually.
Case Study #2
Off-Price Outlet Retailer
Order Processing Window: Reduced from 8 days to 2 days (75%)
Investment: $9 million
Impact: $6 million in annual savings
This off-price outlet buys in bulk when they find great deals on clearance and off-season merchandise. That inventory comes to a central distribution center where it is allocated and then transported to each individual retail store.
The retailer has ownership of approximately $250 million of inventory, with about 10 percent of that “in process” in their distribution center at any point in time.
With time-consuming manual processes like double sorting (by color and size) and value-added services like inserting hangers, the Order Processing Window was a lengthy eight days (Exhibit 5).
If the retailer could cut Order Processing Time to two days, taking six days out of the process, it could significantly cut inventory levels and the associated investment.
To do that, existing manual operations required significant changes. The retailer implemented:
- technology that uses lights to improve the productivity of pickers;
- materials handling systems for conveyance, sortation, and automatic tote labeling to enable parallel processing; and
- new systems for warehouse control (WCS) and warehouse management (WMS).
All in all, approximately $9 million was spent on the upgrades, with roughly 75 percent on materials handling equipment and 25 percent on software upgrades. But the results included a permanent reduction of almost $6 million in inventory holding costs, freeing up that capital to be reinvested in the business.
Case Study #3
Global Electronics Distributor
Order Processing Window: Reduced from 4 hours to under 30 minutes (85%)
Order Cut-off Time: Moved from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Investment: $24 million across 4 Distribution Centers
Impact: Doubled revenue (over $1 billion) with no corresponding increase in distribution cost.
This large electronics distributor competes by focusing on high-end customer service. Customers, who use their equipment in the manufacture of their own products, are willing to pay for this added service. This distributor goes so far as to offer a money-back guarantee if items are not received the next day.
Their goal was to have the latest order cut-off time in the industry - as late as 8 p.m. in some markets - and still meet their promise of next-day delivery. With over 600,000 items in their distribution centers, this was an aggressive goal.
To meet this aggressive order cut-off time, they implemented:
- a new Radio Frequency (RF) system that sends orders to pickers electronically;
- a parallel picking process where orders are split and sent to associates who pick the items in their areas then place them in totes that are consolidated through an automated sorter;
- an automated packaging system that right-sizes a carton around an order, inserts promotional materials, and labels and seals the carton without manual intervention; and
- transportation “zone skipping,” where the order is transported by company trucks to a UPS hub with a later shipping cut-off time to allow more time for processing orders.
The investment in technologies and process improvements across four distribution centers totaled over $24 million. But the late order cut-off time and the service promise of “next day delivery on qualifying orders placed before 8:00 p.m.” contributed to the company doubling its revenue over the past few years (Exhibit 6). Moreover, implementing these new technologies and services resulted in a 70 percent gain in productivity with no corresponding increase in distribution costs.
Fast, Faster, Fastest
With all the talk of drones, ship from store, and same-day delivery in urban areas, it’s unlikely we’ll see a cease fire in the arms race for fast, faster, and fastest fulfillment any time soon. If anything, the stakes will continue to get higher.
At the same time, based on the experience of major retailers like those cited by the Wall Street Journal, faster fulfillment comes at a cost and has far-reaching impacts beyond distribution operations.
The winners in the arms race will be the retailers and distributors who can control their costs even as they speed up their fulfillment operations. The best - those who make investments in fulfillment - will gain a competitive advantage in the market.
The first step is to quantify the benefits that faster fulfillment will bring. To do that, you need to look broadly - beyond the distribution center and beyond supply chain. You need to find the justification for the investment outside of the area of the company that will incur the cost to make it happen.
But don’t doubt that the benefits can be justified. Faster fulfillment, when executed correctly, can lead to significant inventory benefits, fewer markdowns, later cut-off times that attract more customers, and a more consistent fulfillment process overall. When these benefits start to show up, a virtuous cycle begins that accelerates those benefits even more by lowering costs at the distribution center.
About the Author
Russ Meller is vice president, research and development, at Fortna Inc., a global distribution services and engineering firm. Prior to joining Fortna, Meller was the Hefley Professor of Logistics and Entrepreneurship at the University of Arkansas. He can be reached at [email protected].
Related: Utilizing your WMS and Shipping Processes for Omni-Channel Distribution
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